Romeo and Juliet FOIL Characters Essay - 1569 Words

A foil character contrasts the personalities of another character, which particularly enlightens certain characteristics of the individual. This element portrays these characteristics in an obvious manner, as it benefits the reader or audience. By showing the characteristics of one, it directly heightens the character traits of the other, creating a foil illustration of an individual. Nowhere is this element of literature more prudent than in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, as he effectively engages the use of foil characters. In the play, two lovers from opposing, and hateful families fall in love, but the hatred between households lead to their downfall. Characters in the immoral city of Verona are set to represent key themes and†¦show more content†¦They have made worms meat of me,† (3.1, 68-69). This quote exemplifies that although Mercutio is neither a Montague nor a Capulet he still dies in a battle fought between the families. This incident height ens Romeo’s fatal flaw, as his reckless act of heroism turned out to be a burden as it caused the death of Mercutio. Moreover, Mercutio’s plague towards the families also foreshadows further tragedy, as Romeo then gets banished from the Verona, along with additional events which later on result to his death. Last, even after his death, Mercutio acts as a foil character to Romeo by causing a shift in Romeo’s gentle character. For example, after Tybalt slays Mercutio, Romeo avenges his friend by killing Tybalt. This act shows his alteration in character, as he was never seen as a ferocious character in any previous scenes. This is evident in the play when Romeo says, â€Å"Away to Heaven, respective lenity, and fire-eyed fury be my conduct now,† (3.1, 125-126). This quote exemplifies Romeo’s new perception, as he claims he is finished with sympathy and gentleness. This change in Romeo’s personality is significant because not only is he going t o attack Tybalt, but also he is going to kill him, which then entitles him a murderer. This is significant because it further leads to his banishment, which in all leads to his death. The transition in the persona of Romeo is highlighted by the character Mercutio, which leads to theShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet Foil Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesFoil characters are defined as characters that are used to contrast another character. This character in most cases is the protagonist. Moreover, foil characters tend to be based on the protagonist’s hubris, wherein contrasting the fatal flaw shows how it has ballooned out of control. Foil characters further themes by highlighting the characteristics of certain characters that will help enhance the theme. The role of foil characters in Shakespearean tragedies is to show what could have happenedRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis954 Words   |  4 Pagesother types of literary works use dramatic foil to portray the dif ferent extremes of emotional and personality spectrums through characters. In the play, â€Å"The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet† by William Shakespeare, Shakespeare used many of his characters to portray dramatic foil in his scenes. While Shakespeare did use dramatic foil, he used more than one type, he used his characters to create dramatic foils that would draw in the audience and develop the characters being used by having the two extremesRead MoreDifferences in the Tragedies of Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet by William Shakespeare1621 Words   |  7 Pagesis able to create new type of character that does not rely on the definition of hero in the classical tradition. He is able to create a multidimensional heroic disposition that allows his male characters to have intellect while also having physical strength. Shakespeare’s tragedies of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet illustrate two very different conceptions of tragedy. Hamlet is a story about revenge, with a need for the truth to be reveled at all costs. Romeo and Juliet centers around innocence, soiledRead MoreEssay on Mercutio of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1389 Words   |  6 PagesMercutio of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Although the story of Romeo and Juliet does not focus on Mercutio, to many, he is one of the most interesting characters in literature. His name puns on the word mercurial which meansunpredictably changeable. His unsteady behavior makes him wise beyond his intentions. Arecurring trend in Shakespeare’s plays is the existence of a witty fool and many foolish wits. People such as Romeo, Friar Laurence, and Capulet are people who are made out to beRead MoreMasterful Foils in Shakespeare ´s Romeo and Juliet613 Words   |  2 Pages Without the masterful foils, Romeo and Juliet would not be the archetype of love tragedy. Among all the character’s foils, foils between Romeo and Paris is not as obvious as foils between Benvolio and Mercuitio or between the nurse and Lady Capulet, but they are the linchpins of the whole play, reflect why and how does Juliet choose Romeo over Paris. Foils between Romeo and Paris are shown as their attitude toward courtship, which Paris formally asks Capulet for Juliet’s hand but Romeo’s secretiveRead MoreAppropriation Of Romeo And Juliet1135 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet. This is why director Baz Luhrmann created a modern film appropriation of the classic text called Romeo + Juliet. The film was constructed to appeal to a younger movie-going audience to assis t them in understanding the original text by William Shakespeare through the use of strong visual and aural techniques. An appropriation involves taking a well known text and inserting it into another context. In order to modernise the classic text Romeo and Juliet a number of thingsRead More Similarities Of Two Famous Tales Of Love Essay example678 Words   |  3 Pagesthis century, many elements from anotherfamous tale of love were borrowed. In many instances, Westside Story mirrored ShakespearesRomeo And Juliet. Many similarities were noted from the characterization to the plot structure.However, they differed as well. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Westside Story, some characters shared personalities with those of Romeo And Juliet.The families of the Capulets and Montagues were well represented by two gangs, the Sharks andthe Jets. Both being ineffective rulersRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet840 Words   |  4 PagesCaitlin Grubbs Mrs.Drozkowski Pre-AP English I 24 March 2015 Act I Romeo Juliet Reading Log QUOTATIONS â€Å"O, then, I see Queen Mab hath been with you. She is the fairies midwife, and she comes, In shape no bigger than an agate-stone,On the fore-finger of an alderman,Drawn with a team of little atomies, Athwart men s noses as they lie asleep. Her chariot is an empty hazel-nut Made by the joiner squirrel or old grub, Time out o mind the fairies coachmakers. Her wagon-spokes made of longRead MoreRomeo and Mercutio Essays1132 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the works of William Shakespeare, the main character is complemented with another character that acts or serves as the protagonists foil. In Romeo Juliet, the protagonist, Romeo, is fickle, idealistic, impractical and naà ¯ve. To balance Romeo as a character, Shakespeare creates Mercutio; a good friend of Romeos who acts as his conscience. While Romeo has an idealistic perspective of the world and more specifically of love, Mercutio balances Romeos weak points as a dreamer. MercutioRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet880 Words   |  4 Pagesfuture with a wealthy partner. In the passage, Capulet rejects this life for Juliet. Firstly, he highlights that her youth means Juliet is â€Å"a stranger in the world†; Shakespeare follows this scene with the Nurse’s description of Juliet’s youth in Act 1, Scene 3, reinforcing the innocence Capulet sees in his daughter, not yet â€Å"ripe† for marriage. Indeed, the connotations of this descriptor frame the notion of waiting for Juliet to age as holding/creating a sense of beauty, otherwise destroyed by early

“in What Ways Did the Ideas and Values Held by the...

In the 1630s and the 1640s, the Puritans traveled to the colonies to detach from their opinion of a convoluted Church of England. They set up towns and started new lives that were all based on their idea of a pure religion. The Puritans definition of a pure religion did not include many of the ideas of the Church of England. They built the colonies and made a system based upon the idea that God was the most important aspect of life. Puritan ideas and values influenced the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660’s by spreading their beliefs into every facet of daily life. Politically their ideas regarding what was considered sinful behavior and how power was separated among the†¦show more content†¦In New England, the Puritans had a strong belief in frugality, believing money spent on entertainment or anything unprofitable was wasted. This directly affected the economy because of the large population of Purita ns in New England; they were constantly working and rarely rested. Their work ethic influenced other groups in the area because they had to keep up with the business that the Puritans were doing. In Document I, Robert Keayne writes â€Å"†¦many spare hours to spend unprofitably away or to refreshe myself with recreations†¦but have rather stuyded and endeavored to redeeme my time as a thing most deare and precious to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This excerpt shows how a Puritan would do business. The Puritans made very humble livings in the early days of America. They typically made livings by being farmers and ministers. Others were merchants and sold goods. The merchants were the wealthier of the puritan people. Many of the women in Puritan society helped to make a living in society by creating clothing and food to sell to other villagers. The Puritans also believed that New England was not a place of trade but of religion, as mentioned in Document J, â€Å"†¦never to be forgotten that New England is originally a plantation of religion not a plantation of trade.† This affected the economy because many of the Puritans lived as God would have wanted them to, thus changing the benefit of working for money to the betterment of the whole community. Many of the Puritans living in NewShow MoreRelatedApush Dbqs Essay2248 Words   |  9 PagesNixon’s administration responded to them. (Form B) 1. Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the United States changed between 1815 and 1840, and analyze forces and events that led to these changes. 2010 DBQ: (Form A) 1. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? (Form B) 1. The issue of territorial expansion sparked considerableRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pageshttp://www.nber.org/papers/w10481 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 May 2004 Prepared for the Handbook of Economic Growth edited by Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf. We thank the editors for their patience and Leopoldo Fergusson, Pablo Querubà ­n and Barry Weingast for their helpful suggestions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Bureau of Economic Research.  ©2004 by Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson

Professional Development Management Strategy

Question: Evaluate approaches to self-managed learning. Propose ways in which lifelong learning in personal and professional contexts could be encouraged. Evaluate the benefits of self-managed learning to the individual and organisation. Evaluate own current skills and competencies against professional standards and organisational objectives. Identify own development needs and the activities required to meet them. Identify development opportunities to meet current and future defined needs. Devise a personal and professional development plan based on identified needs. Discuss the processes and activities required to implement the development plan. Undertake and document development activities as planned. Reflect critically on own learning against original aims and objectives set in the development plan. Update the development plan based on feedback and evaluation. Select solutions to work-based problems. Communicate in a variety of styles and appropriate manner at various levels. Evaluate and use effective time management strategies.? Answer: An individual can take up different approaches to filling their desire of self-managed learning. Three types of approaches for self-managed learning are: The internet as a learning source: With technological advancement, gathering knowledge on any information from the internet source has become a very common way of learning. Information is available at the click of a button (Bayram, 2007). The internet has a pool of journals, e-books, websites and newspaper. Learning never ends with the use of the internet. Mentoring as a method of learning: The whole process of mentoring involves the learner and mentor. In this process, the mentor acts as a guide rather than a teacher and the learner gains knowledge of different professional aspects of life (Di az-Maggioli, 2004). Learning through Research: Research helps in self-learning. Research by a student enables him to learn about the topic assigned by the teacher (Holmes, 2002). The benefits of individual self-managed learning are Gaining self-awareness. A Strong relationship can be built. Strong sense of understanding. Meeting the challenges boldly. Dealing with ambiguous situations. Knowing the learning method. The benefits of Organisational self-managed learning: Work performance is improved. Motivation among the employer and employees. A better understanding of business. New ideas can be introduced. The manager also learns which in turn helps in gaining the role of a better manager. The industry where I want to build my career in is the Analytics domain. The skills that I possess are not sufficient for me to flourish in this sector. Currently the skills that I have are basic computer skills like Microsoft Word, PowerPoint , Excel, research skills, quality presentation skills and note- taking skills (Johnston-Parsons, 2000). Researchers predict that there would be a huge requirement of data analyst in future. To enter the analytics industry, an adequate knowledge of mathematics and statistics is required. Analytical tools like SAS and R will help me get the necessary knowledge in the industry. Knowledge related to some programming language like Python, SQL coding and Hadoop will help me enhance my skills. There is also the requirement of non-technical skills like communication, business acumen, etc (Le, Donnellan and Conger, 2013). While formulating the goals, a proper routine is a must. The first step is to decide what things that are needed to achieve the goals. Goals are to be categorised according to its importance. A realistic schedule must be planned to achieve the goal. Time management strategy like creating a to do list to perform the actions before the start of each week help saves time (OBrien and Jones, 2014). Sufficient amount of time is to be spent on reading books that will help gather knowledge on analytics industry (Rhoton and Shane, 2001). The skills that I possess may hold both strength and weaknesses. The strength in me is research skills, basic computer skills, communication skills, etc. The weaknesses that I have are the lack of knowledge related to programming language and lack of industry experience. The opportunity that I would get is to learn more statistical packages. The threat in the industry that I might face is the failure to predict the project results. To carry out the development activities, a proper log must be created so that the learning process is successful. The goals that are to be made should be considered according to our career domain and should not be made considering the interests of the others. The target to enter the industry of analytics should be properly defined so that it is conveniently achieved. This can be the toughest part when structuring the log (Semadeni, 2009). The plans must be chosen so that it makes us happy and also benefit the loved ones. Some questions must be asked to our self so that we get a proper direction of life. The plan of action must be divided into three tiers. In the first tier, the things that are important are kept. The second tier should contain the things that come naturally and in the third tier we have the goal that does not matter. Technical skills like R and SAS can be learnt from any private institute or a diploma course can be learnt from a college. These skills provide some essence of the type of career we wish to take up in future. A solid knowledge on statistics is required. Statistics coaching classes in the weekend will help gain knowledge in statistics. I have started to learn basic statistics by reading books and journals and also working on some critical problems (Shiner, 2009). I have enrolled in an institute to gain knowledge in programming languages. Feed backs from the teachers help me to motivate towards the subject. They have evaluated my work and really appreciated. A proper time management strategy will help me to achieve success in my development plan. Every task must be scheduled before hand. A big task must be divided into sub-parts so that results may be achieved quickly. Short breaks in the routine will help in reducing excessive overload. A planner will help in prioritising the task and allocating time to the tasks. To achieve M2: To achieve progress in the development plan, motivational feedbacks from the mentors and the peers is very necessary. The plan that is made for the personal development must have the approval of supervisors and also coordination from different units. The coach who teaches the necessary skills must help in inculcating the seed of eagerness. This will help our career to flourish. Learning from likeminded friends will sharpen our skills. The group study will help in knowing the subject matter to the core and also help in clearing the doubts that we do not know how to solve. Technical needs to be sharpened so that corporate company can easily absorb me (Simanowitz and Pearce, 2003). Technical skills help us to become job ready. Training in data analytics tool is helping me progress against my development plan. Time management is the way of doing everything priority wise as per a definite scheduling. As per my development plan, the scheduling of things are not done category or priority wise. I should make my decisions more organised. Planning schedule and noting them down in calendars or diaries will help to save precious amount of time. To achieve D1: Time management strategy has failed for me many times so I should focus on this area. Proper time should be allotted to tasks and should be completed within the time frame. The strengths that I possess are research skills; communication skills. To ensures that skills remain in their sheen, genuine steps are needed. The weakness that I have is the lack of analytical skills. I am working on that to develop success in my lifelong learning. There was a conflict regarding the work to be shared by the co-workers. The manager resolved the situation by dividing the task. A project in the workplace failed due to negligence by the worker. I rectified the flaws using necessary skills. I talked to the team members to solve the problem. A severe conflict has taken place that led me to call my relative working in the police force. A PowerPoint presentation on economics related topic helped me brush my communication skills. I submitted an email report to the principle for grant of leave. To achieve M3: A proper structure is to be planned before resolving any conflict. The problems that may arise are a) conflict regarding share of work. b) Negligence of team members performance c) Taking the negligence of a team member on one's shoulder. Problems can be resolved by a) Conflicts should be solved at the time it begins and not dragged in the later period. b) Asking the person politely on the situation that made him angry. c) Clearing out the problem by should be done through face to face interaction. To achieve D2: Line managers in an organization looks into whether the employees can communicate freely with the employees. With this, I gained confidence in my communication skills. I was also encouraged by the manager on the way I presented any topic or communicated with my colleagues. A report to the Line Manager: Subject: Ways to encourage lifelong learning. Individuals exchange views through the seminars and conferences. This helps the candidate to learn new things. The internet is a source where the candidate can learn vast knowledge. For current and future development, there should be an encouragement of continuous learning by the line manager. To achieve D3: Conclusion: From my approach, I am required to perform a proper time management strategy. Links: The approaches that I have followed are not with respect to the standard practices of CIPD. The CIPD body looks into the development of the workers in the organization. Recommendations: The activities that we learn must be able to fulfil the future development needs. Skills can also be learnt through self managed learning programmes. References Bayram, L. (2007). Professional development.Practical Professional Child Care, 4(8), pp.6-6. Di az-Maggioli, G. (2004).Teacher-centered professional development. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Holmes, A. (2002).Lifelong learning. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Johnston-Parsons, M. (2000).Collaborative reform and other improbable dreams. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. Le, K., Donnellan, M. and Conger, R. (2013). Personality Development at Work: Workplace Conditions, Personality Changes, and the Corresponsive Principle.J Pers, 82(1), pp.44-56. OBrien, J. and Jones, K. (2014). Professional learning or professional development? Or continuing professional learning and development? Changing terminology, policy and practice.Professional Development in Education, 40(5), pp.683-687. Rhoton, J. and Shane, P. (2001).Professional development. Arlington, VA: NSTA Press. Semadeni, J. (2009).Taking charge of professional development. Alexandria, Va.: ASCD. Shiner, R. (2009). The development of personality disorders: Perspectives from normal personality development in childhood and adolescence.Develop. Psychopathol., 21(03), p.715. Simanowitz, V. and Pearce, P. (2003).Personality development. Buckingham: Open University Press.

The King, Charles The First, Actions Were Legitimate, Under The Ideolo

The king, Charles the First, actions were legitimate, under the ideology he ruled with, absolutism. Though never stating it Charles the First, justified by his wife, was an absolutist. So from his perspective his practices are not at fault, and that is the bias this editorial will be written from, the viewpoint of someone who believes the king should be an absolute Monarch. What Oliver Cromwell, a majority of Parliament, and the Parliamentary forces did was a direct violation of the King's power. To take a quote from Louis the XIV, "L'?tat, c'est moi", a phrase meaning "I am the state", is a phrase that could be used to describe the absolutist rule that Charles the First was supposed to have. But actions taken by adversaries of the King and Country, including Civil War, attack on English troops, trespassing, treason, arresting the King, having soldiers march on parliament, and murder of King were treasonous actions against the King and consequently against the Country of England. Because as mentioned earlier in reference to the King, "L'?tat, c'est moi". So any crimes against the King are against the state. Making all who were involved in the fight against the king in the civil war are basically defeating the idea that it was a civil war since by definition they were fighting against there own country, and being extremely treasonous at the same time. T o sum up my previous statements the King is the Country so any crimes against the King are against the Country So the English Civil war was in fact not a civil war but a separatist movement against the Country of England. With aims to establish a military rule and discriminate against those of the Catholic faith. Cromwell's followers were upset over many things and tried to change them, violating the king's power. Cromwell was upset over remnants of the Catholicism in Anglicans churches and he wanted those things removed. But he had no right to do that since the King is head of the Anglican Church a right established by Henry the VIII and thus Cromwell could not set church policy. They tried to apply laws to the King such has treason. Which they can not do since according to absolutism the king is above the law and can not be controlled by any person, organization, governmental body for such a thing could be a threat to the sovereignty of England itself. This makes sense in the following example. If the king were to be ever controlled by a group with sinister intentions then they could control the polices and laws that the King sets, giving them untold power over the destiny of England, that has you can see is why the king must rule above all others. Which leads me to my next statement. If the king is above the law he should have control over all those under the law which is why the king should be able to command parliament, another major gripe of Cromwell's. People were upset when the king takes land away from the people, well he had every right to has the absolute ruler of England, in addition these people should have been proud to be serving there country by giving up the land for the betterment of England. By now you may be asking what gives the king the claim to all this privilege. Divine Right does. What mortal man would ever question God's very own choosing, Oliver Cromwell did, making him a heretic too. In conclusion the English Civil war was nothing but an uprising lead by traitorous heretics out to question the King's Divine Right over England and satisfy there own cravings for power.

The Innovation of technology essays

The Innovation of technology essays Technology has been mandatory for human existance. It's unseemingly possible to claim that it wasn't, no matter how advanced the technology was its proved time after time (in my opinion) to be our greatest benefactor in the construction of the new world and the maintainment of the old world. The milieu we live in now is more advanced and the technolgy we possess is seemingly limitless. But it wasn't always this way, it took many many centuries, and hundreds and thousands of hit and misses. Im going to explain the devlopement of our New World by clarifying the events and innovations from the old world. The European settlers arrived by large vessels and ships, they were usually comfortable and sea worthy. They were able to arrive relatively easy but nothing could prepare them for the hardships they were destined to endure. they were forced to start anew with all their amenities behind them death, disease, unbearable wheather, and famine were all they came to know. This was a wake up call for the settlers they came to rely on their old world technologies. They had plenty of virgin land they used the trees to produce settlements and used the newly cleared land for cultivation. After the harnested the old technologies came to be, naturally evolution took place they established a government whose definition was to restrain competition for wealth within its jurusdiction. The main purpose the government was created was to prevent "the condition of war of everyone against everyone". Governments motivated exportation and dissuaded any sort of importation this came to be known as mer cantilism or the mercantile theory. Many towns and cities were constructed, they came to depend on mills for the preperation of goods soon the laborious tasks of mills were made obsolete by the developement of watermills. Watermills were more productive and made a use of the New Worlds plentiful streams and rivers. Major ...

25 Favorite Portmanteau Words

25 Favorite Portmanteau Words 25 Favorite Portmanteau Words 25 Favorite Portmanteau Words By Mark Nichol One of the many compensating charms of the often infuriating English language is the ease with which speakers and writers may exercise creativity and inventiveness. One of its most inventive components is the portmanteau word one formed by combining two words into a single (and often deprecating and/or ironically humorous) term that denotes a new concept, or one for which a satisfactory term was heretofore unavailable. Here are twenty-five such terms, their parent words, and their meanings. 1. Affluenza (affluence/influenza): anxiety or dissatisfaction caused by submission to consumerism 2. Anacronym (anachronism/acronym): an acronym derived from a phrase no longer widely known (for example, radar) 3. Anticipointment (anticipation/disappointment): the letdown after hype gives way to reality 4. Backronym (back/acronym): a word presented as an acronym after the fact (for example, the name of the car brand Ford was derisively backronymed to stand for â€Å"Fix Or Repair Daily†) or mistakenly believed to be an acronym (the Morse code distress signal is erroneously said to stand for â€Å"Save Our Souls†) 5. Blaxploitation (black/exploitation): a genre of pulp entertainment most prevalent during the 1970s, when African American culture began to permeate US society that exploits clichà ©s about black people 6. Bodacious (bold/audacious): insolent or unrestrained, extraordinary or impressively large, or extremely attractive 7. Celebutant(e) (celebrity/debutant(e)): someone famous for being famous, with no apparent talent except self-promotion 8. Chillax (chill/relax): behave, calm down, or relax 9. Cocacolonization (Coca-Cola/colonization): the aggressive introduction or pervasive influence of American consumerism on other cultures 10. Cosplay (costume/play): wearing costumes and accessories that resemble those of characters from various forms of popular culture, or the subculture that engages in cosplay 11. Craptacular (crap/spectacular): entertainment so poor in quality as to be ironically captivating, or hyped but ultimately disappointing 12. Edutainment (education/entertainment): educational material presented in a format intended to attract with its entertainment value) 13. Frankenfood (Frankenstein/food): genetically modified food 14. Frenemy (friend/enemy): a supposed friend whose actions and/or behavior are characteristic of a foe 15. Gaydar (gay/radar): the ability to identify a person as a homosexual based on observation of the person’s appearance and/or behavior 16. Ginormous (gigantic/enormous): huge 17. Infotainment (information/entertainment): information presented in a format intended to attract with its entertainment value 18. Interrobang (interrogative/bang): a combination question mark and exclamation point 19. McMansion (McDonalds/mansion): a blandly generic large house 20. Metrosexual (metropolitan/heterosexual): a man who appears to be inordinately concerned about personal aesthetics and/or is perceived for this quality as being homosexual 21. Mockumentary (mock/documentary): a feature film that spoofs the documentary form 22. Netocracy (Internet/aristocracy): an elite demographic distinguished by facility with technology and online networking 23. Screenager (screen/teenager): the typical adolescent who indulges excessively in screen entertainment 24. Sexploitation (sex/exploitation): pulp entertainment intended primarily to titillate 25. Shopaholic (shop/alcoholic): someone addicted to shopping A portmanteau word, as described by Humpty Dumpty in Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking-Glass, is (inspired by the word for a suitcase with two opposite compartments) a case of â€Å"two meanings packed up into one word.† Many such terms, most of which are in the mainstream vocabulary and some of which are not widely recognized as invented terms already exist. More mundane portmanteau words represent dual ideas in many contexts, including entertainment (cineplex, docudrama, infomercial), sports (heliskiing, parasailing, slurve), and technology (avionics, camcorder, pixel), as well as hybridization of breeds or species (cockapoo, jackalope, liger). Some older examples include electrocution (electricity/execution), motel (motor/hotel), motorcade (motor/cavalcade), prissy (prim/sissy, though it may be simply a variation of precise), rollicking (rolling/frolicking), and ruckus (ruction, rumpus). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowProverb vs. Adage

Law for Business BREF 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law for Business BREF 1 - Essay Example This is because at the time of the sale, the toys were not yet in a deliverable state and Megastores’ duty to prepare it for delivery was not yet discharged. The conclusion is that Megastores should shoulder the responsibility for the damage to the two toys whilst Toys4U should be free from such responsibility. The parties involved here are Megastores and Toys4U, the seller and the buyer, respectively. The subject of the contract of sale is a Polaris missile toy, ten units of them. Megastores contended that Toys4U was liable for the damage of two of the toys because ownership had already passed to the latter at the time the damage occurred. The issue here is whether or not ownership had already passed to Toys4U at the time of the damage. Toys4U is not liable for the damage of the two Polaris missiles toys because it occurred before ownership passed from Megastores to Toys4U. This is supported by the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SoGA) and pertinent case law previously decided by the courts. The applicable statute here is the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SoGA hereafter), which received Royal Assent on December 6, 1979 and took effect commencing January 1, 1980. The SoGA governs transactions of sale of goods within the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. Specific provisions of said law applicable here are: s 2(1), which defines a contract of sale; s 17 (1) and (2), which provide for the exact time specific or ascertained goods are deemed transferred from seller to buyer; s 18 Rule 2, which provides for the exact time property passes from seller to buyer when seller is first required to put goods in a deliverable state, and; s 20 (1), which allocates risk liability to parties. Section 20 (1) of the SoGA 1979 provides that the property subject of the sale remains at the risk of the seller until transferred to the buyer. This means that Megastores should shoulder damage sustained by the toys unless ownership was explicitly or implicitly

Death Penalty (philosophy) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death Penalty (philosophy) - Essay Example At the end of the film we are presented with what really occurred. The movie’s plot led to the fact of the coercion of two people with nothing to lose and a point to prove. David and Constance plotted to make the ultimate sacrifice by giving up their lives to make the ultimate statement and vindicate their advocacy. So we are faced with the concept of the more than probable possibility that innocent people do end up getting capital punishment for something they are innocent for. The film seems foolish yet enlightening at the same time. Such is the case of the argument against capital punishment. Den Haag argues that capital punishment is imposed on people who committed crimes to summon their guilt which is something that is believed to be personal. That it is not an issue of race or of equality but rather a moral penalty that is nothing but the mere issue of justice. We are again back to the concept that it is a major conflict on the evident fact of commonly supposed racial injustice. It reverts back to the matter of discrimination which is a delicate topic to argue about and would not be sufficiently substantiated on this paper. He is convinced that justice does not hold bearing over inequalities in distribution (Den Haag, par.7). Let me call it the â€Å"OJ Simpson Syndrome.† What Den Haag proposes in that argument is the age-old assumption that more African-American convicts end up on death row than white people. With the risk of sounding racially insensitive of the times, it seems that this is not the case anymore. It was the basic argument for the absolution of OJ Simpson. He represented the thousands of innocent people executed before him because of the color of his skin. Let us no longer delve on whether or not he is guilty as this is an issue all on its own. This became subordinated because of the hype that surrounded the case. He in turn became a representation of all the injustices committed

The balance between cost and quality Essay Example for Free

The balance between cost and quality Essay Before we look closer into the subject, first we must look at exactly what is meant by quality and cost. Quality is the totality of the attributes of a good or service that meet the requirements of the buyer or customers. The materials which make up the product, the design and the engineering of the product, product performance, reliability and durability are all important characteristics of the quality package, which ultimately influence customers to buy a product and repeat-purchase It. (Pass 1995) Cost is the expenditure upon resources incurred by a firm in producing and selling its output, Each cost is a charge against revenues and profits for the use or consumption of resources during a trading period. Cost can be classified along the functional lines, distinguishing between production, selling, distribution, administration and finance costs. (Pass 1995) Quality is a term we use to signify excellence of a product or service. We think of a quality product, for example a B.M.W. motorcar. We know its well designed, well built and will therefore last a long time. If we think of car of being low quality, we think of something like a basic model type of Citroen or Fiat, with its flimsy panels, cheap components and low specifications. The quality hotel is denoted by the internationally recognised star rating system, i.e. a 1 star hotel will provide the most basic of comforts and low on hygiene, and a 5 star hotel will provide the most comforts and services. We can immediately recognise then, by simply looking at a hotels star rating how good it will be and how good of a time we will have if we stay at the hotel. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an organisational process that actively involves every function and every employee in satisfying customers needs, both internal and external. TQM works by continuously improving all aspect of work through structured control, improvement and planning activities that are carried out in concern with guiding principles that focuses on Quality  and Customer Satisfaction as the top priorities. TQM recognises that the Customer is at the centre of every activity. The customer may be external or internal. The key is to determine the gap between what the customer needs and what the system delivers. Once the gap is recognised, it would be systematically reduced and results in never-ending improvement in customer satisfaction at every level. The balance between cost and quality in purchasing is questioned when an organisation is looking to purchase the best for what they can get for their money. However, this is not always the case. One of the main considerations in the purchasing functions is that the quality in question is fit for purpose. Sometimes the overriding factor on the decision to purchase is that products are of the highest quality. E.g. luxury car manufacture Roll Royce will pride themselves on using the finest materials when manufacturing their cars. When at the ordering stage the emphasis will be on high quality rather then cost. Keeping cost to a minimum is an important factor for any business including companies like Roll Royce (to a certain degree). However, Roll Royce will not compromise their image of quality for the sake of cost. Often, a company has no choice but to use the most expensive materials or highest quality that money can buy. Sometimes safety is the overriding factor. If Rolls Royce is building an engine that is going to be mounted onto an aircraft, then titanium will be the preferred choice of material. Titanium is extremely expensive but will guarantee the utmost reliability in this situation. As mentioned above, purchasers have to take into consideration whether or not the quality is fit for purpose and what the product is going to be used for. The decisions that are made can be made personally for individual use or at corporate level. E.g. if a purchasing manager for a car manufacturer has to make a decision on the type radio to buy, then there is a combination of factors that will need to be considered. The price will have to suit his budget. The quality would have to be of a standard that one would expect from a car of that type from the company. The buyers final decision may well be to buy a radio system that he or she would never consider putting in their own car. But yet the decision made will mean that the system chosen will go into thousands of newly built cars. This is because the decision made was not personal; it was made of behalf of a company so it had to suit their needs. Many purchasing managers are under constant pressure to drive cost down. Even professionals have problems finding the balance between cost and quality when their budget is very low. If costs are too low then it seems inevitable that the quality will suffer. The Ford motor company has suffered the consequences of cutting costs too low. After rave reviews following introduction of the new Ford Focus into the US market, Ford decided to build the car using cheaper components in a bid to save money. The cheaper components included rear wheel bearings that would prematurely wear, causing noise and wheel instability. Not only does Ford now has to recall thousands of Ford Focuses, but it also has to deal with the fact the this decision has damaged their reputation even further. As people we are constantly trying to find the balance between costs and are own perception of quality on a daily basis. According to Juran, quality is: fitness for intended use. This definition basically says that quality is meeting or exceeding customer expectations. So according to this theory, we achieve quality when we buy a product that does what its supposed to do. If a purchasing manager is buying radios that he or she wouldnt use personally, this still ties in with Jurans definition of quality because the radios will meet the customers expectations, although is will not meet the buyers. When we shop we have to ask ourselves if the use of the product will justify the cost. E.g. when studying late at night, the natural choice of beverage for some students would be something like the caffeine boosting energy drink Red Bull at the cost of ?25. ?25 is far too much to pay (double) for a can of fizz pop. On this particular occasion, the beverage will not be used as a  thirst quencher or as a vodka mix, but used as an aid to keep the student awake through the studying session. The cost (?25) of the product is justified due to the products fitness for intended use. Deming states that the customers definition of quality is the only one that matters. This is true but I feel that the customer does not always get quality from what they perceive as quality. This is partly to do with the fact that some companies are very good at doing some things, but is not so good at others. Designer label brand Gucci is a prime example of this. If somebody buys a Gucci designer watch for the cost of ?0, there are a host of other things that the buyer will achieve like admiration, prestige and self-esteem. Gucci is not a watchmaker and does not have the same level of expertise of watch making as Rolex or Cartier. Although somebody who does not have knowledge of watches may perceive this watch as quality. Those with know-how or those in the industry would regard this watch as crap. Watches of this nature are purely soled through success of the brand. The watches are simply a spin-off from their designer clothesline and are made with very low quality and cheap components. According to Which magazine, the life expectancy for a Gucci watch is two three years. This is very low compared to Rolexs lifetime life expectancy. looking at Passs definition of quality, a Gucci watch does not carry vital characteristics such as, reliability and durability, which are key to the quality package. This brings us to Demings theory that the customers definition of quality is the only one that matters. I appreciate that the customers opinion is all that matters them, but whether or not the customer is actually receiving quality is another matter. If a product were purchased on the basis of the customer being happy with the product initially, then it would be very difficult to apply Demings theory of quality if the product has hidden defects. Similar to the phrase, things arent always what they seem. To achieve high quality, a company does not have to always have to pay the high costs. For example the cars produced by the Japanese used to be of low quality and unreliability was common. Things have changed now. Japaneses  cars are now built to an excellent standard and reliability is second to none. Not only are the Japanese building excellent cars, they are building them at a great speed. This is partly due to lean supply techniques that the Japanese have mastered. The whole area of purchasing and suppliers is streamlined to achieve minimum waste. Adopting these techniques cannot be done over night, but lean supply is an excellent step in the right direction in achieving a good balance between cost and quality long-term. Philip B. Crosby (1979) believed in the zero-defects program adopted by the US federal government defining quality as conformance to requirements. He emphasized prevention rather than inspection (audits) and promoted a definition of quality as meeting the customers requirements the first time and every time. His work is part of TQM. Crosbys (1979) philosophy on quality is driven solely by prevention of defects. It is expressed in a phrase he uses: Do it right the first time and every time. Crosby emphasizes zero defects, given that he believes there is only one level of quality. In other words, the presence of any flaw in the product deprives it of quality. He believes managements perception and attitude towards quality needs to be transformed if the organisation is going to succeed at delivering quality consistently. For example, Deming and many managers believe that error is inevitable and one only has to deal with it. Crosby believes it is self-defeating to plan and invest in strategies that deal with errors instead of investing in strategies and processes that prevent errors from occurring in the first place (Garvin and March, 1986). The Lean thinking method allows Japanese car manufactures have strong relationships with their suppliers and offer incentives for better quality. E.g. The supplier will carry out rigorous tests on their products before the buyer receives it to ensure reliability. Purchasing can improve quality by contributing to the competitive advantage of the undertaking by participating in the procurement of bought out items at the economical cost. It is important to ensure that quality is not confused with price and grade. Managers should be using their extensive knowledge and expertise to provide high quality to both internal and external customers of the purchasing function. To maximise quality, the purchasing departments responsibilities should meet with the requirements of BS/ EN and BS 7750 Keeping the balance between cost and quality in an important factor for any business. As mentioned above, it depends on what the buyer is trying to achieve overall. If high quality is the overriding factor for a company, then this will tie in with the companies high quality image. Whether it is no frills or impeccable quality, managers will try to find a reasonable balance where appropriate. Bibliography Lysons, K (2000) Purchasing and supply chain management. 5th edition. Prentice Hall Crosby, P. (1984) Quality without tears. 1st edition. Mc Graw Hall companies Crosby, P. (1995) Quality is still free. Mc Graw Hall companies Crosby, P. (1979) Quality is free. . Dutton signet Garvin, D.A. and A. March. (1984) A Note on Quality: The Views of Deming, Juran and Crosby. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Juran, J.M. (1988) Juran on Planning for Quality, New York: Free Press,. http://www.which.co.uk/

A Response to Hubbard’s essay Science, Facts, and Feminism :: Hubbard Scientific Men Females Essays

A Response to Hubbard’s essay Science, Facts, and Feminism In her essay "Science, Facts, and Feminism" Ruth Hubbard makes many claims in relating her opinions about the relationship between men and women in society as well as the role science plays in this relationship and the balance of power in the world. One of her claims states that "the pretense that science is objective, apolitical and value-neutral is profoundly political because it obscures the political role that science and technology play in underwriting the existing distribution of power in society." In essence, she is saying that it is ridiculous to claim that science is an objective look at the world around us because science is constantly affected by society and the political establishment. I agree that it is impossible to claim that science is in every way separate from politics and power because those types of people who created the political world also created the scientific world to supplement and support it. For example, the government, a political and power establishment , created the Manhattan Project and put a huge amount of funding into a scientific project that produced the atomic bomb. Hubbard disagrees with the idea that science is immune to power and politics. To think that science is neutral one must assume that the scientist is able to remove himself from the test subject and the surroundings and simply observe without affecting the test in any way. In reality this is impossible. The scientist must design the test, perform it, and be prepared to fix it if it does not address the problem he has posed. Because human beings are imperfect, the tests are also imperfect. As a result, the conclusion the scientist reaches is no longer objective, but influenced by the type of results he is expecting. Furthermore, to think that science is immune to the power establishment, one must assume that it is in no way affected by government or companies with money to spend. This, like the assumption that science is neutral, is also incorrect. In order for a scientist to be funded in his research, he must submit proposals to those power establishments that have money. These powerful companies and governments will only fund those projects they deem important to their interests and goals. In this way, science is extremely political in its effort to obtain money and support because it must please those power establishments who are, by nature, political.

Malala yousafzai essay Essay

How does Malala Yousafzai adapt the features and functions of spoken language to achieve specific outcomes in different outcomes? On 12th July 2013 Malala Yousafzai gave her United Nations speech on her sixteenth birthday. Throughout the speech Yousafzai displays many paralinguistic and prosodic features associated with formal situations, for example she is standing on a rostrum in the center of the room facing the audience with a row behind and on the side of her, she is standing up straight which creates a sense of ceremony and officialism. Also she greets many people in the beginning of her speech while looking at them, making them feel special and with that she creates rapport with them. In the first part of the speech she addresses all those who have fought for education, peace, and equality, then, she announces all she wants to speak up for, like, children’s education, to be more specific, girls education, and gender division inequalities. The second and third sections she uses personal anecdotes that explain what has happened to herself and she references other campaigners for human rights. The final section includes her calling upon various institutions/nations/individual people to reject oppression and prejudice to gain freedom and equality. During the Jon Stewart show Yousafzai and stewart display many prosodic and paralinguistic features related to an informal situation, for example Yousafzai asks rhetorical questions and both of them use humour and a faster pace. During the show both yousafzai and stewart are sitting down facing each other and Stewart is leaning towards Yousafzai making him seem interested in what she is saying and with that he creates a rapport with her. Yousafzai uses many more fillers and backtracks a lot as it is not a rehearsed script and she is speaking a different language to her first. The Jon Stewart show starts on a serious note as they start their conversation with when she was targeted by the Taliban, to which she replies with an elongated answer which is effective because if it is broken up into other questions, each situation will seem less than it is, whereas if she includes it all in one answer it is overwhelming for the audience and hits them with more gravity than it would have. Jon Stewart is also affected by her answer that he shows through his body language, he rocks back as if to  get a better look at her and blows out very slowly which lead us to believe he is on awe of her, furthermore when he puts his hands over his mouth in shock. As the interview progresses Yousafzai uses long sentences to get her point across and once again overwhelms the audience but introduces humor on the middle of her answer by saying â€Å"Malala, just take a shoe and hit him† she is referring to what would happen if she saw a talib and he was going to kill her, this is humorous but also reminds us of her innocence and manipulates our emotions in her favor. Stewart uses humor to lighten the mood and end the interview on a positive note by asking, â€Å"You know†¦I know your father is backstage and he’s very proud of you, but would he be mad, if I adopted you?† this builds a strong rapport with Malala and encourages back channeling form the audience when he looks to them and laughs. Contrasting, in her U.N. speech Yousafzai structures her speech into four different sections, which I have mentioned in the introduction, she also starts off her speech stating things she wants to accomplish and what others can do to help here but the further she goes into her speech the more inclusive it becomes; she starts saying this is what we have to do, rather than isolating herself from the audience she now builds a relationship with them. She also repeats the phrase; â€Å"Dear brothers and sisters† this again builds a rapport with the audience, however, by the end of the speech she is saying â€Å"Dear sisters and brothers† therefore creating gender equality in her speech and challenging society’s structure of listing genders. For this speech Malala wished to establish herself not as a victim of violence, but as a champion against it, for example â€Å"†¦.it is an honor for me that today I am wearing a shawl of the late Benazir Bhutto.†This is a familiar reference to a female Pakistani leader, a champion of education, who was assassinated by terrorists. Furthermore, Benazir Bhutto had also spoken at the UN, and would have been known by many of those in the audience, thus creating a rapport with them. A similar summon of power appears later, in a tri colon: â€Å"This is the compassion that I have learned from Mohammed, the prophet of mercy, Jesus Christ, and Lord Buddha. This is the legacy of change I have inherited from Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela, and Mohammed Ali Jinnah. This is the philosophy of non-violence  that I have learned from Gandhi, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa† To speak in groupings of three is a classical technique, and as Malala delivers this roll-call, she summons the presence of those leaders, alive and dead, to stand behind her on the stage, this is also many familiar references for the audience and helps build a stronger rapport with them. Malala then drops the power level, as she summons the presence of two more individuals: â€Å"And this is the forgiveness that I have learned from my mother and father.† Mentioning her parents helps remind us she is still a little girl, doing her GCSE’s and not a world leader, it reminds us of her innocence and makes her speech even more powerful. This pattern of power-build followed by drop-back to humility reappears in the fourth paragraph. Malala uses the technique of climax, where numbers are grouped so that they climb in a sequence from small to large: â€Å"There are hundreds of human rights activists,†¦. thousands of people have been killed by terrorists and millions have been injured.† Hundreds. Thousands. Millions. This rise leads the audience to see an ever larger and more horrifying amount. The next number we hear is one, she singles her self out therefore making her seem alone and isolated and by this manipulating our emotions in her favor. â€Å"I am just one of them. So here I stand, one girl amongst many.† This is anti-climax. Having built up an image of afflicted millions, Malala collapses it all back down, to just her, one child. Malala then uses contrast to make each point seem more powerful; â€Å"Dear sisters and brothers, we realize the importance of light when we see darkness. We realize the importance of our voice when we are silenced. In the same way, when we were in Swat, the north of Pakistan, we realized the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns.† Light and darkness. Voice and silence. These paired opposites are examples of contrast. Malala then uses this foundation to create an analogy: â€Å"we realized the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns. â€Å"The wise saying, ‘The pen is mightier than the sword’. It is true. The extremists are afraid of pens and books. The power of education frightens them.† Here, the well known commonplace â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword† is used to move the argument to it’s next stage: Extremists are afraid of education. â€Å"They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens t hem. This is why  they killed 14 innocent students in the recent attack in Quetta. And that is why they kill female teachers. That is why they are blasting schools every day, because they are afraid of change and the equality that we will bring to our society.† Having earlier set the argument that extremists are afraid of education, Malala then builds that argument to demonstrate the link between women’s education and society, until she concludes her argument with an anecdote: â€Å"And I remember that there was a boy in our school who was asked by a journalist: ‘Why are the Taliban against education?’ He answered very simply by pointing to his book, he said: ‘A Talib doesn’t know what it written inside this book.’† The anecdote provides a dramatic punchline, but also hints that the illiterate are more likely to become Taliban. If Talibs can’t read, then the ultimate sword with which to win the war against the future Talib, is to teach the children to read. Referring to how the Taliban sought to silence and intimidate her, Malala uses antithesis to deliver the words: â€Å"†¦.weakness, fear, and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was born.† Strength, power and courage in the face of adversity are the key messages of Malala’s speech. In conclusion, Yousafzai manages to use a range of speaking tecniques to manipulate our emotions in her favour while still delivering her message making both dialogues powerful and effective. She uses body language to convey the formality and her emotions, her pace to add power and strength to her words and contrast to make each point seem more important and dominant than the last. She uses quotations and personal anecdotes to include us in her experience, repetition to make her point and morality to show her maturity and manipulate our emotions. Overall her speech is filled with strength, power and courage in the face of adversity.

Help Improve Own and Team Practices in Schools

3. 4 It is essential that we respect the skills and expertise of other practitioners we work alongside. To work as a team we need to listen to others and take on board what they are saying. As someone new to the role we can learn a lot from our more experienced colleagues. To have a good relationship with other colleagues we need to show them that we respect their views, knowledge and opinions. In my short time at Holy Spirit I already feel that I have learnt a great amount from the other staff, particularly the support staff.This knowledge is vital and invaluable and will stay with me throughout my career. When working as team it is important that we communicate effectively with others. If we do not respect the skills and expertise of others it will cause resentment which can lead to problems with communication within the team. If we value the skills and expertise of others we may find that we are then invited to give advice and suggestions ourselves.By pooling our skills and knowle dge we are more likely to be successful in achieving the aims of the team. We can add to our own skills and expertise if we take time out to watch others practitioners. Changes occur regularly so there is always the opportunity to find out from others about new initiatives and ideas. In time others may come to us for advice and help because of the skills and expertise we have gained from others guidance.

Free Essays on Raymond Kroc

Raymond Kroc Ray Kroc was the founder of the immensely successful McDonald’s franchise operation. He was a pioneer of the modern fast-food restaurant industry. He introduced management innovations that are now standard in the business, such as implementing assembly line methods and employing a part-time teenage work force to produce a standardized menu at a low cost. Kroc’s formula allowed him to build an initial investment of a few thousand dollars into a giant, international corporate empire. In 1937, Ray Kroc came up with a new invention: a machine that could mix five milk shakes at one time, called the â€Å"multi-mixer.† He headed his own company to serve as the exclusive distributor for the product. Many years later, he heard of a drive-in restaurant in San Bernardino, California, owned by Maurice and Richard McDonald, which was operating eight of his multi-mixers. Kroc was curious as to how they could possibly use so many machines in a small establishment, so he decided to visit the restaurant himself. Kroc found that the brothers were doing a remarkable business selling only hamburgers, french fries, and milk shakes, while using the principles of the assembly line as their basis for production. Kroc recognized the potential opportunity and approached the brothers about starting a franchise operation based on their restaurant. After some negotiation, the McDonald brothers agreed to join Kroc in partnership. In exchange for one-half of one percent of the gross, Kroc was granted the use of the McDonald name, concept, and symbol (the golden arches), along with unlimited franchise sales rights. Ray opened the first of the chain of restaurants in Des Plaines, Illinois. On that first day, Kroc’s restaurant had sales of $366.12. By 1961, there were over 130 outlets, and in that year he bought out the McDonald brothers for 2.7 million dollars. From these humble beginnings emerged a... Free Essays on Raymond Kroc Free Essays on Raymond Kroc Raymond Kroc Ray Kroc was the founder of the immensely successful McDonald’s franchise operation. He was a pioneer of the modern fast-food restaurant industry. He introduced management innovations that are now standard in the business, such as implementing assembly line methods and employing a part-time teenage work force to produce a standardized menu at a low cost. Kroc’s formula allowed him to build an initial investment of a few thousand dollars into a giant, international corporate empire. In 1937, Ray Kroc came up with a new invention: a machine that could mix five milk shakes at one time, called the â€Å"multi-mixer.† He headed his own company to serve as the exclusive distributor for the product. Many years later, he heard of a drive-in restaurant in San Bernardino, California, owned by Maurice and Richard McDonald, which was operating eight of his multi-mixers. Kroc was curious as to how they could possibly use so many machines in a small establishment, so he decided to visit the restaurant himself. Kroc found that the brothers were doing a remarkable business selling only hamburgers, french fries, and milk shakes, while using the principles of the assembly line as their basis for production. Kroc recognized the potential opportunity and approached the brothers about starting a franchise operation based on their restaurant. After some negotiation, the McDonald brothers agreed to join Kroc in partnership. In exchange for one-half of one percent of the gross, Kroc was granted the use of the McDonald name, concept, and symbol (the golden arches), along with unlimited franchise sales rights. Ray opened the first of the chain of restaurants in Des Plaines, Illinois. On that first day, Kroc’s restaurant had sales of $366.12. By 1961, there were over 130 outlets, and in that year he bought out the McDonald brothers for 2.7 million dollars. From these humble beginnings emerged a...

SAT Preparation - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

SAT Preparation - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are numerous and diverse resources for students to prepare for the SAT. Preparing for this important exam has been shown to be strongly correlated with scoring highly and improving scores between test administrations. Because the SAT largely differs in question type and pacing from most classroom exams, students tend to benefit from familiarizing themselves with the test before taking it. Note: this article is a series in the PrepScholar2016 Students' Encyclopedia, a free students' and parents' SAT / ACT guide that provides encyclopedic knowledge. Read all the articles here! How many points can SAT prep help? Studies have shown various levels of score improvement following SAT preparation courses. According to the Johnson San Francisco study in 1984, students showed an average increase of 178 points on a 1600 SAT scale following a 30 hour prep course. On a 2400 SAT scale, the equivalent is an SAT improvement of 267 points. A study from Ohio State University showed that students achieved score improvements of greater than 60 points following SAT review. Despite many rigorous scientific studies showing SAT score can be improveddramatically by prep,the College Board maintains its official politically motivatedposition that the SAT cannot be prepped. The College Board benefits from the position that the SAT cannot be prepped so it can maintain the image of the SAT being fair, a key requirement colleges, who are a main driver of College Board's customers. To support the claim that the SAT is uncoachable, it cites research studies that show only about 10 to 20 point score improvements per section following preparation. These studies, however, have raised questions of bias as many werecarried out by College Board and its partner organization, the National Association of College Admission Counseling. Sources of Prep Questions College Board, the nonprofit organization that develops the SAT, releases official practice tests for students to take, some of which are previously administered tests from years past. In addition to these official practice questions, students can find practice questions from various sources, including test prep companies and online classrooms, like Khan Academy. Since SAT prep is a large and varied field, students must be discerning about the quality of SAT practice materials and lessons. Online Preparation Due to advances in educational technology, online SAT courses are a burgeoning method of test prep. Online courses have proven popular among students due to their ability to track student progress, diagnose students' strengths and weaknesses, and customize study plans to individuals. Online prep programs may also offer one-on-one tutoring. Other methods of test prep include one-on-one tutoring, self-study from books, and classes. These methods have varying degrees of effectiveness depending on their quality and the learning styles of individual students. Many students prefer the convenience of online SAT preparation programs, which can be accessed anywhere with Internet. The lessons may be scaffolded to target each student's needs. Students benefit from using a customizable program with high quality content, practice questions, and test-taking strategies. Online programs that incorporate one-on-one tutoring tend to excel in blending the strengths of technology with the benefits of connecting with a tutor. The most effective tutors tend to have extensive teaching experience and to combine individualized instruction with student support. Other Preparation Methods Some students opt for one-on-one tutoring as their main method of SAT preparation. The most helpful tutors thoroughly understand their students' academic profile, map their progress, and created individualized study plans. The least effective tutors simply sit beside students as they do practice problems and lack the ability to communicate clear explanations or effective strategies. One common downside of one-on-one tutoring is its high cost, with many tutors charging hundreds of dollars per hour. Another method of SAT preparation comes in the form of classroom courses. Students may gather for a number of weeks to learn about the SAT, take practice tests, and learn lessons. While SAT preparation classes can be useful to many students for covering the basics andexposing students to SAT practice, they are often lacking in individual instruction and can be relatively expensive. Finally, many students self-study from SAT preparation materials and books. College Board's Official SAT Study Guide, commonly referred to as the "Blue Book," is a key resource due to its ten official practice tests, though most SAT tutors agree that it is lacking in content review and test-taking strategies. This mode of SAT preparation requires independence, self-discipline, and self-directed study habits. To effect score improvements, students must ensure that they are using high quality resources with relevant information and practical tips. Read more from theSAT Encyclopedia! Further Reading Complete Official SAT Practice Tests, Free Links The 10 Best SAT Books Recommended for SAT Prep How to Get a Perfect SAT Score, by a 2400 Full Scorer

Organizational Theories to Enhance the Performance of Individuals and Essay - 1

Organizational Theories to Enhance the Performance of Individuals and Groups - Essay Example From the classical theories, performance could be realized after the division of labor, to develop specialization and departments of different tasks to be carried out by different groups of people. This enhances quality output according to the expected standards. Motivation through monetary means and management functions in enhancing performance are also elaborated. The modern organizational theories put across ways of changing the organizational structure and developing the human potential as effective ways to spur performance. Performance is one critical area that managers should be sensitive towards, so as to benefit the organization. It is a domain that challenges managerial functions and its success or failure extends to be felt in other linked sections of the organization. Hence, the management has to come up with logical and focused initiatives to enhance performance and overcome the challenges in implementation and performance management. Organisations have their authority, c ulture, information and the acquired knowledge, as well as the motivational coordinated mechanisms to achieve their objectives. Often, the organization structure could vary from one another with some working with the formal line of management, while others are less formal; as a result, they differ in hierarchical structures and strictness in compliance to objectives. However, with the current trends of globalization, managers have to be keen and tactical to address the organizations problems in performance and decision making. This is because the markets, productions, sales and distribution in dealing with goods and services have become very competitive. Due to these factors, management has been categorized in different levels to lead in specific sections, such that the coordinated efforts of different managers.

Organizational Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organizational Design - Essay Example Thus structure has a key role in the all-important human dimension of an organization. In recent time, due to failure of old organizational structures new structure though unconventional, coming up. The main criteria for design principal of organizations are speed, flexibility, integration and innovation. Recent time, organizations becoming complex in nature and built upon a foundation composed of purpose and core values but most of them change due to learning response to past weaknesses but nothing significant change in the organizational design has happened which could be termed as path breaking or truly innovating. Another form of Organizational Structure i.e., "Citizen cell structure" (Law, 1998) has been developed in which each cell is self managed by group of 35 people that is able to develop in its own way rather like a micro culture which mirrors the overall culture of the company. The cells keep in touch and in harmony with each other and the overall philosophy of the company by sharing information. If the cell grows successfully than it splits and forms two new cells. Each new cell then is responsible for its new growth and development. This type of structure of the organization supports its dynamic, interactive, team working approach, which is a perfect example of a complex adaptive system operating in the creative zone. (Lewin & Regine, 1991 p. 105). Complex forms of organization have the structure having following characteristics i.e. non-linear, non-hierarchical, holistic, self-organizing, flexible, diverse and networked. Lot of organizational design and structures have been adopted and tested around the world by the organizations nowadays and it has been changing accordingly all the time according to needs of the organizations. Basically it has been understood by the organizations as well as those leading it that nature of the organizations and designs must be understood properly by them and the importance or organizational designs to play in improving performance, sustainability and satisfying human dimensions. Now scanning through the different theories and concepts of structure and designs for the organizations, in the present circumstances of Riordan we can analyze which design will be best suited to the organization. In my opinion Riordan is complex organization and must have non-linear, non-hierarchical, holistic and flexible structure. Riordan must adopt "Citizen Cell Structure" because of its specialty and major emphasis on the teamwork and team building and diverse nature of operations. Riordan has already have three plants located in different locations and its R&D Department & H.O. located in same location. Its customer base is also diversified from Auto industry to Government department as well as manufacturing organizations and beverage organizations. To cater the needs of different customers and to provide better services to them, the Riordan must form the team for different customers having complete responsibility as well as have flat structure with decentralized decision mak ing. Then all the units must be networked and all the groups must maintain the main goals, values as well as ethos of the organization. The team must provide complete solutions to their customers and will be responsible for decisions. They must be innovative to provide innovative ideas, solutions to their

Comparison between two methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Comparison between two methods - Essay Example The most important rule of SSADM is that a system should be developed from the top down in hierarchical method and advanced to larger levels in feature. The design should initially reflect on the foremost activity of software, and then break this activity into sub activities and decompose each sub activities until the lowest level of detail has been achieved. The lowest level components illustrates the authentic giving out that will take place. In this manner all high-level logic and deign model are carried out earlier than detailed software code is written. If structured analysis has been carried out, the structured specification document can hand out as input to the design method (Kenneth, 1999). SSADM is now utilized as an expressive practice to additional argument of information systems development. SSADM is a group of conventional, methodical and certification principles for information systems development. SSADM comprises 5 core modules (Middleton, 2000): MERISE employs a data modeling procedure which recognizes the units concerned in the system, the association among these in addition to the practical reliability limitations associated to every relationship. The theoretical procedure model, examine a development as a position of process described from the position of observation of the administration policies of the corporation. This section will present the NIMSAD analysis and differentiate this technique from the MERISE methods for better system modeling and development. Now I will present the explanation of the SSADM methods through the Normative Information Model -based Systems Analysis and Design or NIMSAD model phases (Middleton, 2000). In this phase: it is stated that computers are â€Å"sensibly malleable† in the acumen that â€Å"they can be shaped and modeled to carry out several movement that can be distinguished in states of outputs, inputs and concerning logical procedures. This can direct to approach vacuums originated through

Classification According To Maturity Biology Essay

Classification According To Maturity Biology Essay INTRODUCTION The human eye is very nearly spherical, with a diameter of approximately 24 mm (nearly one inch). It consists of three concentric layers, each with its own characteristic appearance, structure and functions. From outermost to innermost, the three layers are the sclera, which protects the eyeball; the choroid, which nourishes the eyeball; and the retina, which detects light and initiates neural messages bound for the brain. The eye is partitioned into two chambers, a small anterior chamber and a larger vitreous chamber. Thus the basic layout consists of three concentric layers, two chambers, iris, pupil and the lens (Ross and wilson, 2001). Fig.1 Anatomy of the eye C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled1.png The Lens One of very important optical element of the eye, the crystalline lens, lies right behind the iris. The lens takes its name from its resemblance to a lentil, or bean. In adults, the lens is shaped about 9 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness. The lens consists of three distinct parts: an elastic covering, or capsule; an epithelial layer just inside the capsule; and the lens itself. The thin, elastic capsule around the lens has two jobs. First, it moderates the flow of aqueous humor into the lens, helping the lens retain its transparency to light. Second, the elastic capsule moulds the shape of the lens varying its flatness and, thereby, the lens optical power. This variant in optical power is called accommodation. Lens grows throughout the life span; the outer, epithelial layer of lens continues to produce protein fibres that are added to the surface of the lens. Consequently, those protein fibres nearest the centre of the lens are the oldest (some were present at birth), whereas the fibres on the outside are the youngest. Between birth and 90 years of age, the lens quadruples in thickness and attains a weight of 250 mg. In the centre of the lens, the old fibres become more densely packed, producing sclerosis, or hardening, of the lens (Paterson, 1979). For good vision, the lens must be transparent and light must be able to pass through it easily, without loss or deviation. Like the cornea, this transparency depends on the material out of which the lens is made. Of all the bodys parts, the lens has the highest percentage of protein, and its protein fibres are lined up parallel to one another, maximizing the lens transparency to light. Anything that disturbs this alignment such as excess fluid inside the lens reduces its transparency. An opacity (or reduced transparency) of the lens is called a cataract. While some cataracts are minor, barely reducing the transmission of light, others undermine vision to the extent of blindness (Kyselova, 2004). Cataract Cataract is the opacification and crystalline formation of eye lens, associated with the breakdown of the eye lens micro-architecture, which interferes with the transmission of light onto the retina. Several biochemical processes for example, calcium deposition, oxidative stress, phase transition, altered epithelial metabolism, crystalline precipitation, calpain-induced proteolysis and cytoskeletal loss takes place during the development of cataract (Moghaddam, 2005). Fig.2 Normal, clear lens Fig.3 Lens clouded by cataract C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled.png Fig.4 Etiology of cataract (Jacob, 1999) C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled.png TYPES OF CATARACT A. Acquired cataract 1. Age related cataract a) Morphological classification i) Subcapsular cataract Anterior subcapsular cataract mainly associated with fibrous metaplasia of the epithelium present below the lens capsule. Posterior subcapsular cataract lies just in front of the posterior capsule and a clear vacuolated, granular or plaque-like appearance. Near vision is also most often impaired more than distant vision. ii) Nuclear cataract usually begins as an amplification of the changes most often seen with normal aging lens nucleus. It is often related with increased spherical aberration and also with an increased refractive index leading to myopia. Some elderly patients may consequently be capable to read yet again without spectacles. iii) Cortical cataract may be associated with the anterior, posterior or equatorial cortex. The opacities begin as clefts and vacuoles between lens fibres because of hydration of the cortex. Both cortical and subcapsular cataracts are white on oblique illumination and show black colouration, silhouetted against the red reflex, on retroillumination. b) Classification according to maturity i) An immature cataract means partially opaque lens. ii) A mature cataract means completely opaque lens. iii) A hypermature cataract means the leakage of water from the lens it leads to wrinkled and shrunken anterior capsule. iv) A morgagnian cataract means the total liquefication of lens cortex like hypermature cataract and it allows the lens nucleus to shrink inferiorly (Hejtmancik, 2004). 2. Presenile cataract Cataract may develop early in the following conditions, a) Diabetes mellitus Typically diabetic cataract is rare. In hyperglycemic conditions, the aqueous humor secretes high level of glucose and this excess of glucose diffuses into the lens. Aldosereductase metabolises glucose to sorbitol, which then accumulates in the lens, resulting in secondary osmotic over hydration of the lens substance. Nuclear opacities are common and tend to grow rapidly. Premature dystrophy may be seen due to decreased pliability of the lens. b) Myotonic dystrophy About 90% of patients, in third decade have fine cortical iridescent opacities, which evolve into visually disabling stellate posterior subcapsular cataract by the fifth decade. c) Atopic dertmatitis About 10% of patients with severe atopic dermatitis develop cataracts in the second to fourth decades. The opacities are often bilateral and may mature quickly. Shield like anterior subcapsular plaque which wrinkles the anterior capsule is characteristic. Posterior subcapsular opacities resembling a complicated cataract may also occur. 3. Traumatic cataract Trauma is the major risk factor for unilateral cataract in individuals. The following risk factors are involved in traumatic cataract, a) Direct penetrating injury to the lens. b) Concussion may cause an imprinting of iris colour on the anterior lens capsule (Vossius ring) as flower shaped cortical opacities (rosette cataract). c) Electric shock and lightening are rare causes. d) Ionizing radiation. e) Infrared radiation- In glassblowers, the IR rays causes exfoliation of the lens capsule which results in thickening of the superficial portion of the capsule and it further splits the deeper layer and protrudes into the anterior chamber. B. Drug induced cataract a) Steroidal drugs may induce cataract. Initially the lens opacities formed in posterior subcapsular region spreads into the anterior region. The relation between dose, duration of administration and the cataract development is unclear. It is understood that children may be more at risk to the cataractogenic effects of systemic steroids and genetic susceptibility may also be of significance. Patients who develop lens physiological changes should have their dose decreased to a minimum, reliable with control of the underlying disease, and if feasible be considered for alternate drug therapy. Premature opacities may regress if therapy is discontinued, alternatively progression may occur despite withdrawn and warrant surgical intervention. b) Chlorpromazine may cause the deposit of innocuous fine, stellate, yellowish brown granules on the anterior lens capsule within the papillary area. The deposition of granular material may accumulate on the corneal endothelium and deep stroma. Both lenticular and corneal deposits are dose -related and irreversible. In very high doses (>2400 mg daily), this drug may cause retinotoxicity. c) Lens opacities may occur due to the irregular use of Busulphan (Myleran) for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia. d) Amiodarone, used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, causes visually inconsequential anterior subcapsular lens deposits in about 50% of patients on moderate to high doses. e) Gold used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, causes harmless anterior capsular deposits in about 50% of patients on treatment for more than 3 years. f) Allopurinol, used in the treatment of hyperuricaemia and chronic gout, increases the risk of cataract formation in elderly patients, if the cumulative does exceeds 400 g or duration of administration exceeds 3 years. C. Secondary cataract A secondary (complicated) cataract grows as a result of some other primary ocular diseases. i. Chronic anterior uveitis is the main cause of secondary cataract. The earliest finding is a polychromatic lustre at the posterior pole of the lens which may not progress if the uveitis is arrested. If the inflammation persists, posterior and anterior opacities developed may progress to maturity. ii. Acute congestive angle closure glaucoma may cause small grey white anterior, subcapsular or capsular opacities within the papillary area. a. Myopia (Pathological) is linked with posterior subcapsular lens opacities and early-onset nuclear sclerosis, which may ironically increase the myopic refractive error. Simple myopia, however, is not associated with such cataract formation. b. Hereditary dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa, gyrate atrophy, leper congenital amaurosis and stickler syndrome may be associated with posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Cataract surgery may occasionally improve visual acuity even in the presence of severe retinal changes (Kanski et al., 2003). Free radicals involved in cataractogenesis Free radicals may be formed either by the reduction of molecules by electron transfer or by the haemolytic cleavage of covalent bond. Both these reactions may be enzymatic or non-enzymatic. Due to the presence of an odd unpaired electron in its outermost orbital, these free radicals are unstable and readily react with neighbourhood molecules and extract electrons from them, converting the attacked molecule into a few radical, which in turn attacks another molecule generating more free radicals and so on. This enables free radicals to induce chain reactions that may be thousands of events long. A free radical reaction is terminated by reaction between two free radicals or neutralization by antioxidants (Uday et al., 1999). Fig.5 Pathways of ROS formation C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled 3.png Generation of free radicals Biological free radicals include reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, reactive sulphur species, free radicals obtained form xenobiotics. a) Superoxide anion radical (O2.-) It is generated from NADPH oxidase and from mitochondria. i) NADPH oxidase is present in the lysosomal cell membranes. It steals electron from O2 resulting in the formation superoxide anion radical (O ·2-). It is converted to hydrogen peroxide and is a spontaneous reaction which is known as respiratory burst. This hydrogen peroxide may react with the chlorine in the presence of myeloperoxidase to form hypochlorous acid or it may produce hydroxyl radicals, by the Fenton reaction which uses the metal ion Fe3+. ii) From Mitochondria: Ubiquionone, which is a terminal acceptor of electron, is converted to semiquinone (free radical). By reacting with O2, it forms (O ·2-) super oxide radical with H2O2, it produce hydroxyl radical ion. b) Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 SOD It is formed by the dismutation of superoxide by the enzyme superoxide dismutase. O · 2 + O ·2 Hydrogen peroxide is generated from i) Aminoacid oxidases: Flavin is a co-enzyme required for the oxidative deamination of amino acid. The reduced flavin attacks molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. ii) Xanthine oxidase: Xanthine oxidase catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and hydrogen peroxide is released from molecular oxygen. iii) Peroxisomes: Peroxisomes is the site of  Ã‚ ¢-oxidation of fatty acids.  Ã‚ ¢- Oxidation of the fatty acids is catalysed by acetyl co-enzyme-A dehydrogenase. During this process, a co-enzyme called FAD which donates two electrons gets reduced to FADH2. Again it is converted to FAD. During that process it gives out O2 and H2O (Kovaceva et al., 2007). c) Hydroperoxyl radical They are highly lipophillic and capable of initiating lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation Lipid peroxidation is a self- perpetuating common process and involves the conversion of lipid components from cell organelles into lipid peroxides resulting in the formation of a pigment known as lipofuscin. Lysosomic reactive oxygen species are formed as a result of complex oxidative chain reactions in mitochondria during energy production. H2O2 formed in smaller amounts by mitochondria pass through walls of lysosome and react with Fe (II) in a reaction known as Fenton reaction to form potent hydroxyl radicals which cause lipid peroxidation (Halliwell, 2001). Malondialdehyde is the major reactive aldehyde resulting from the peroxidation of biological membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). MDA, a secondary product of LPO, is used as an indicator of tissue damage by a series of chain reactions. MDA is a by-product of prostaglandin biosynthesis. It reacts with thiobarbituric acid and produces a red-coloured product. MDA is a mutagenic and genotoxic agent that may contribute to d evelopment of human cancer. Ca2+ ATPase The Ca2+ ATPase is a transport protein in the cells that serves to eliminate calcium (Ca2+) from the cell. It is essential for maintaining the amount of Ca2+ within the cells. Based upon the electrochemical gradient calcium ion enter into the cells through the trans membrane. This process is important for the cell signalling by which it lowers calcium level. Thus it is necessary for the cell to utilize ion pumps to remove the Ca2+. The Ca2+ ATPase is expressed in a variety of tissues, together with the brain (Hightower et al., 1982). IN VIVO MODELS IN CATARACT (Gupta, 2004) 1. Sugar cataract i) Galactose induced cataract The changes associated with galactose cataractogenesis include the initial reduction of galactose into dulcitol through intervention of aldose reductase with NADPH as a co-factor. Accumulation of dulcitol in the lens, (since it is not metabolized) creates cellular hypertonicity associated with and/or followed by a cascade of events, which includes an influx of water, swelling of the lens fibres, epithelial cell edema, damage of plasma membrane, compromise of cellular permeability, a drop in myinositol level, a reduction in Na+ K+ ATPase activity an influx of Na+ and Cl- and an efflux of K+ and the loss of glutathione and aminoacids. These are the morphological, biochemical, enzymatic and molecular alterations in the lens associated with galactose cataracts. ii) Alloxan induced cataract Alloxan is a cyclic urea analog which is highly reactive molecule that is readily reduced to dialuric acid, which is then auto oxidized back to alloxan resulting in the formation of hydroxyl radical, O2.-, including H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). However, the other mechanism reveals the ability of alloxan to react with protein sulfhydryl groups on hexokinase, a signal recognition enzyme in the pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cells that couples changes in the blood glucose concentration to the rate of insulin secretion. By this mechanism, inhibition of glucokinase and other SH containing membrane proteins on the ÃŽ ²-cells would eventually result in cell necrosis within minutes. iii) Streptozocin induced cataract Diabetes related cataractogenic changes are seen in the animals injected with streptozocin. This streptozocin initiates cytotoxic action in pancreatic ÃŽ ² cells because sreptozocin contain glucose molecule and highly reactive nitrosourea side chain. It binds to the membrane receptor to generate structural damage. At the intracellular level three major phenomena are responsible for ÃŽ ² cell death, i) Methylation ii) Free radical production iii) Formation of Nitric oxide (NO). The damage caused to ÃŽ ² cells alters the sugar metabolism leading to diabetes. 2. Selenite induced cataract Selenite cataract resembles human cataract in many ways such as insoluble protein, vesicle formation, increased calcium, reduced glutathione (GSH) and decreased water-soluble proteins. However, selenite cataract shows no high molecular weight protein aggregation or increased disulfide formation and is dominated by rapid calpain-induced proteolytic precipitation, while senile cataracts may be produced by prolonged oxidative stress. 3. Naphthalene induced cataract Naphthalene is oxidized in the liver initially to an epoxide and then it converted into naphthalene dihydrodiol. This stable component is converted enzymatically into dihydroxynaphthalene to reaching the eye. Being unstable at physiological pH, 1, 2- dihydroxynaphthalene and spontaneously autooxidises to 1, 2- naphthoquinone and H2O2 . It alkylates proteins, glutathione and aminoacids and generates free radicals. 4. Glucocorticoid induced cataract Glucocorticoid cataract results in the formation of steroid- adduct protein, induction of transglutaminase and reduction of ATPase activity may lead to cataract. Steroid cataracts are produced by the activities of glucocorthicoids and progressed by way of production of oxidative stress similar to other types of cataract. 5. L- Buthionine S, R- Sulfoximine (BSO) induced cataract Glutathione is present in mammalian lens in high concentrations and is involved in the protection of lens against oxidation. In most of the cataracts the decrease in its level is observed. 6. Smoke induced cataract Cigarette smoke contains trace and heavy metals. The increased metal contents in lens cause lens damage by the mechanism of oxidative stress-forming oxygen radicals, via metal catalyzed Fenton Reaction. In other words cigarette smoke is associated with the accumulation of iron and calcium. 7. UV radiation induced cataract Epidemiological studies have exposed a link between exposure to UV radiation in sunlight and development of cataract. Experimental studies confirm that ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces cataract. There is, however, a lack of data on the age dependence in experimental UV radiation-induced cataract. 8. Microwave induced cataract Microwave radiation has been reported to produce posterior subcapsular and cortical cataracts in rabbits and dogs within a short span of time. 9. Transforming Growth Factor ÃŽ ² (TNFB) induced cataract TGFB is induced by injecting approximately 60 ng TGFB into the vitreous. TGFB induce lens epithelial cells to undergo molecular modify and abnormal morphologic that mimic the changes observed in human posterior subcapsular and cortical cataract (Gupta, 2004). IN VITRO MODELS IN CATARACT (Gupta, 2004) Induction of cataract in isolated animal lenses maintained in organ culture has become a convenient, quick and appropriate method for testing the anticataract efficacy of an agent. Opacification of lens is induced by generating oxidative stress/ hyperglycemic/ hypergalactosemic conditions around the lens by supplementing the culture medium with a variety of exogenous substances. 1. Oxidative stress induced cataract Oxidative mechanisms play an important role in many biological phenomena including cataract formation. Formation of the superoxide radical in the aqueous humor, lens and its derivatization to other potent oxidants may be responsible for initiating various toxic biochemical reactions leading to the progress of cataract. In vitro such cataracts are induced by agents like selenium, H2O2, photosensitizers and enzyme xanthine oxidase. 2. Selenite induced cataract In vitro cataract is produced by supplementing the tissue culture medium with 25 to 100 mM sodium selenite in which freshly enucleated transparent rat lenses are incubated at 370C. This causes membrane damage and faint cortical opacities within 24 h. 3. Photochemically induced cataract Riboflavin, a photosensitizer, is supplemented in the culture medium to induce cataract in cultured lenses. Micro quantities (4-200  Ã‚ ­M) of riboflavin lead to severe physiological damage and opacification within 24 h after exposure to light. The initial membrane damage is evidenced by a disturbed cation ratio between lens water and the medium of incubation. Riboflavin on getting photosensitized generates free radicals in a sequence of reactions. Lenses are maintained in organ culture for 24 to 72 h. The lenses are divided into four groups and incubated in the dark and light both in presence and absence of riboflavin. The lenses are exposed to light with two 15-w daylight fluorescent lamp placed at 8 inches above the cluster plate. The culture medium is replaced every 24 h. Riboflavin shows no effect on the lens in the absence of light, and light without riboflavin has no significant effect. opacification starts in the equatorial zone and gradually extends towards the centre of the lens. 4. Enzymatically induced cataract Supplementation of culture medium with 1 mM xanthine and 0.1 unit xanthine oxidase, which act as substrate and enzyme respectively, leads to generation of superoxide radical. The lenses suffer severe oxidative damage and turn opaque within 24 h when incubated in culture medium at 370C. 5. Hydrogen peroxide induced cataract Incubation of lenses in medium containing 50-500  Ã‚ ­M H2O2 and it produce cataract. Opacification starts in the equatorial region within 24 h. The entire superficial cortex becomes opaque by 96 h. Due to the high instability of H2O2, the medium is changed every 2 h during the first eight hours. 6. Sugar induced cataract Transparent and undamaged lenses are incubated in a basis culture medium with fetal calf serum for 24 to 48 h. In the control group the medium is supplemented with glucose (30 mM), lenses develop opacity in the subcapsular region on day 1 and in the central region on day 2. Biochemical analyses reveal raised polyol, malondialdehyde levels and water content, and decreased glutathione levels in these lenses. 7. Steroid induced cataract Steroid-induced experimental cataract is produced in vitro by incubating the transparent lenses in the medium containing methyl prednisolone (1.5 mg/ml). The test agent and methyl prednisolone added alone and together to the medium form drug control, control and treated groups respectively. Early cataract around the equator is produced within 24 h of incubation. Incubation period may be extended to 48 h for dense opacity. Morphological changes and modulation in biochemical parameters between the groups may show the potential of the anticataract agent. 8. Naphthalene induced cataract TC-199 medium is used for the preincubation of lens. Stock solution of napthalene dihydrodiol is prepared in 20% ethanol at 2.5-10-3 M concentration. The stock solution is diluted 1:100 to obtain the final concentration of 25.5 -10-5 M. The final osmolarity of the solution is 295-300 m Osmol. Rat lenses are incubated in TC-199 medium containing napthalene metabolite solution. Medium is renewed daily till 72 h. Lenses remain clear during the initial 24 h but from shell-like opacity around the nucleus by 48 h. Opacification becomes more peripheral and widespread after 72 h. At 48 h, under such conditions of incubation, development of opacity mimics the in vivo napthalene cataract. Naphthalene is oxidized in the liver first to an epoxide and then is altered into naphthalene dihydrodiol. This stable component on reaching the eye gets converted enzymatically to dihydroxynaphthalene. Being unstable at physiological pH, 1,2 dihydroxynapthalene sponaneously auto oxidises to 1,2 naphthoquinon e and H2O2. It alkylates proteins glutathione and amino acids and generates free radicals. There is a loss of protein thiol in this reaction and the products are less easily digestible by pancreatin than normal lens protein (Rees and Pirie, 1967). 9. Ca2+ induced cataract In this model, the control group contains the lenses incubated in the medium enriched with 20 mM Ca2+ or 1x 10-2 mM A23187 calcium ionopore. The treatment group lenses are cultured in the calcium and the test drug-containing medium. Incubation period can range from 24-72 h (Gupta, 2004). Fig.6 Mechanism of action of glucose-induced cataract C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled 7.png Under physiological conditions, glucose is metabolized through the glycolytic pathway. An excess amount of glucose is converted to sorbitol by enzyme aldose reductase via polyol pathway. The glucose conversion into sorbitol by utilizing NADPH results in the reduction of NADPH/NADP+. Moreover, sorbitol undergoes oxidation to fructose by using sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD). Sorbitol does not easily cross cell membrane. Intra lenticular accumulation of sorbitol, leads to lens damage (Kyselova, 2004). Fig.7 Biomorphological changes during cataract formation C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled 66.png As, the lens starts to swell in response to the hyper osmotic effects of polyol accumulation, membrane permeability changes resulting in an increase in lenticular sodium and decrease in the levels of lenticular potassium, reduced glutathione, ATP and free amino acids. The overall antioxidant status of the lens decreases because of depletion of GSH (Kyselova, 2004). Mechanism of action of calcium-induced cataract Fig.8 Calcium transport pathway Increased levels of lenticular calcium activate calcium dependent proteases. The activated proteases hydrolyze cytoskeletal proteins and lens crystalline. Crystalline cleavage would result from lower molecular weight peptides that could, in turn, aggregate to form higher molecular weight proteins (Wang et al., 1996). Various methods for the prevention of cataract The development of newer drugs for treatment of cataract mainly aims, interacting at the level of changed lens metabolism and lens pathophysiology. The in vitro, in vivo studies are used to identify the anti cataract agents. This epidemiological studies may be widely classified in the following categories (Gupta et al., 1997). Aldose reductase inhibitors Agents acting on glutathione Nonsteroidal anti -inflammatory drugs Vitamins, minerals and antioxidants Miscellaneous agents. 1) Aldose Reductase Inhibitors These drugs are aimed to prevent the metabolic dysfunctions of diabeties by polyol pathways. Aldose reductase inhibitors prevents the accumulation of sorbital within the lens would have an osmotic effect bringing in water and causing swelling and opacification. Sorbinil a spirohydantoin became the most powerful sorbitol lowering agent. Sorbinil prevents increased fluorescence and protein aggregation and it also acts as an antioxidant. 2) Non Steroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs The NSAIDS broadly studied are paracetamol, aspirin, Ibuprofen, sulindac, naproxen, and bendazec. The NSAIDS provide adequate productive effect to lens protein through various steps like acylation, carbamylation and inhibition of glycocylation. Some of them are also reported to inhibit lens AR to varying extent. NSAIDS contains antioxidant properties also. Most of the studies on the evaluation of anticataract potential of drugs have been conducted by feeding the drugs by oral route. 3) Agents which act on glutathione Glutathione is a tripeptide thiol known to control calcium inflex and protect lens protein from various agents like glucose and galactose. With advancing of age there is a considerable decrease in the concentration of glutathione and the decrease more prominent in lens with cataract. 4) Vitamins, minerals and antioxidants If oxidation in lens leads to cataract formation, then is feasible to prevent it by the use of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and perhaps ÃŽ ²-carotene. The potential role of vitamins and antioxidants in preventing various diseases is well documented there are reports suggesting beneficial effect of vitamins like C and E in preventing cataract. Beta -carotene has also been demonstrated to protect lens damage by hematoporphysin. Ascorbate protects rubidium uptake against free radical damage and prevents light induced protein cross linking. Protective effect of vitamin C has been also reported in various in vitro studies. Vitamin E has been found to delay cataractogenesis in diabetic rats and in Emory mouse. Vitamins C and E,  Ã‚ ¢- Carotene and other anticataract agents probably act via a common mechanism of their scavenging properties of free radicals (Gupta et al., 1997b). Antioxidant enzymes 1) Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) SODs are a family of metalloenzymes that transfer superoxide in to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and represents the first line of defence against oxygen toxicity. 2O2- + 2H → H2O2 + O2 Three isoforms of SOD have been found. The first is mainly found in the cytoplasm of cells and it containing Cu and Zn at its active site (Cu/Zn SOD-1), the second containing Mn at its active site is located in mitochondria (Mn SOD-2) and the third (Cu/Zn SOD-3) is present in the extracellular fluid like plasma. SOD is a stress protein which is synthesized mostly in response to oxidative stress. It is found that little amount of Cu, Zn and Mn metals are crucial for maintaining the antioxidant activity of SOD (Halliwell, 1994; Ray and Husain, 2002). 2) Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) GPx is one of the most important enzymes responsible for the degradation of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide in the brain. GPx catalyse the oxidation of GSH to GSSG at the expense of H2O2. There are two isoforms have been identified, selenium-dependent which is highly active towards H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides and selenium independent GPx. GPx activity has been reduced in selenium deficiency (Muller et al., 1984; Son et al., 2007). 3) Catalase (CAT) It is a heme-containing protein present in most cells. 2H2O2+ 2H2O → O2 Catalase is 104 times faster than GPx. It is having four protein subunits, each containing a heme Fe (III)-protoporphyrin group bound to its active site. GPx and CAT were found to be important in the inactivation of many environmental mutagens (Ray and Husain, 2002). 4) Glutathione (GSH) GSH has major intracellular antioxidant molecule and it is a tripeptide synthesised by enzymatic reaction involving two molecules of ATP from aminoacids like glutamate, glycine and cysteine. It plays a very crucial role in detoxification of peroxides and electrophilic toxins, mainly by acting as a substrate for GSH transferase and GSH peroxidase. It was shown that weakening of GSH enhances cerebral ischemic injury in rats (Mizui et al., 1992; Son et al., 2007).